List of common shipping terms
terms are listed in alphabetical order. Further information is provided for some terms, to provide context and additional resources for more information.

If youre looking for a particular term, click on the term below to jump to it:

3pl
3pl is an abbreviation for third-party logistics, and refers to logistics companies such as shipease that allow ecommerce businesses to outsource operations such as warehousing, picking, packing, and shipping.

Further reading on 3pls

when an ecommerce merchant partners with a 3pl, that 3pl agrees to handle some or all of the ecommerce businesss logistics processes for a certain fee. The 3pls services may include:

receiving & distribution
inventory storage & labeling
picking
packing
kitting and assembly (when necessary)
arranging shipping and/or last-mile delivery
reverse logistics and returns
by outsourcing these functions to a 3pl, ecommerce merchants are able to focus on other business activities. Outsourcing to a 3pl can also be an extremely cost-effective logistics solution, as 3pls provide tools and infrastructure to execute and improve order fulfillment without requiring their customers to invest in a warehousing space or staff of their own.

Air freight (air cargo)
air freight is the process of transporting freight shipments using aircraft. Air cargo refers to any cargo (freight or parcel) transported via aircraft.

Further reading on air freight and air cargo

air freight is just one of the many modes of freight shipping that ecommerce businesses use to procure inventory from distant suppliers, or ship packages to distant destinations. Aircraft can also be used in intermodal or multimodal freight transportation.

Typically, air transportation is best for expedited shipments that are on a strict timeline, and that must be delivered quickly. However, air transportation is usually quite expensive, and is thus not a viable shipping solution for most ecommerce businesss parcel shipments.

Backorder
a backorder is an order that contains an out-of-stock item, and that therefore cannot be fulfilled until the item in question is back in stock.

Further reading on backorders

for a variety of reasons, a business may sometimes run out of a particular inventory item. When this happens, the business usually places an order for more inventory from their supplier or manufacturer.

In the meantime, the product listing stays on the businesss website. A shopper can buy the product, but will receive it at a future date when it is back in stock and available.

If there are other items in the same order that are in stock, the order may be split and shipped at different times, with the backordered items being shipped at a later date.

Batch fulfillment
batch fulfillment (also called batch picking) is an approach to fulfillment that involves fulfilling a large number of orders all at once. In batch fulfillment, a picker picks enough inventory to fulfill multiple similar orders on one trip through a warehouse (rather than making a trip to the inventory storage location and back for every order).

Bill of lading
a bill of lading (or bol) a document issued by a carrier that acknowledges receipt of cargo for shipping. It was once only related to shipping by sea, but a bill of lading may also be used for other freight shipping methods as well.

Blind shipping
blind shipping is a type of dropshipping method that ships orders directly from the manufacturer to the customer, while keeping the name and identity of your supplier anonymous. This way, the customer assumes that it came directly from the merchant.

Further reading on blind shipping

blind shipping is a common supply chain management technique used to protect a business (and potential profits or recurring revenue) by keeping its supplier anonymous.

This helps encourage your customers to order from the business again, and not directly from the supplier or manufacturer, which lets the merchant maintain the role as the middleman (rather than losing customers to your supplier). Blind shipping also reduces the chance of competitors finding out what supplier you work with.

Dimensional weight
dimensional weight is an estimated weight calculated from the length, width, and height of a package, using the longest point on each side. This weight can be used to calculate shipping costs for a package.

Further reading on dimensional weight

dimensional weight is commonly used as a pricing technique for commercial freight transfer, including courier and postal services. Freight carriers like usps, fedex, or ups calculate shipping charges based on whichever number is greater: the actual weight of the package, or its calculated dimensional weight. Whichever is higher becomes your billable weight.

Ddp shipping
ddp shipping stands for delivery duty paid shipping. It is a delivery agreement between buyers and sellers that places all risks, costs, and responsibilities associated with the transportation of goods on the seller until the buyer receives them.

Further reading on dimensional weight

though ddp can be used with any order, it is most commonly applied to international orders.

Because international orders travel farther distances, they incur higher shipping costs and more fees (including custom import and export duties), and face more opportunities for damage. But with ddp, buyers arent liable for the actual shipping costs, so they are more likely to purchase products without fear of being scammed or having to pay high taxes, duties, or for damages.

Ddu shipping
ddu shipping stands for delivery duty unpaid shipping. This means that it is the customers responsibility to pay for any of the customs charges, surcharges, duties, tariffs, or taxes that the destination country demands for international shipments.

Ex-works
ex-works (or exw) is a delivery agreement in which the seller and buyer (also referred to as the consignor and consignee) arrange for purchased items to be dropped off at a particular location, upon which the buyer assumes responsibility and liability for the goods. The seller is not responsible for loading goods onto the buyers method of transportation (usually an ocean vessel), nor for the transportation costs.

Free carrier
free carrier (fca) is a delivery agreement in which the seller is responsible for transporting and delivering purchased goods to a carrier location of the buyers choosing, and for the costs associated with transportation and delivery to that destination.

Further reading on free carriers

free carrier agreements are great for ecommerce merchants, as under such an agreement, merchants are not responsible for any shipping damages, export fees, or licensing fees involved in procuring inventory from manufacturers. They are also not responsible for paying for packaging or other transportation supplies.

Free on board
free on board (or fob) is a delivery agreement applying to sea shipments in which the seller must transport items to a buyer-chosen location (usually a port or dock), and assume the cost of doing so, as well as responsibility for the goods and liability for damages.

The seller is also responsible for loading the goods onto the vessel. Once the goods are on board the vessel, the buyer becomes responsible for them and liable for any damages that incur during transport to the goods final destination(s).

Further reading on fob

free on board agreements are crucial for determining which party is liable in the case of shipping damages or transit issues. Fob agreements typically favor the buyer, as the buyer must only pay for last-mile transportation from the designated dropoff location, and the window of time in which they are liable for any damages that occur is usually much smaller than the sellers.

Freight forwarder
a freight forwarder is an intermediary service or freight broker that goes between a freight shipping company and a merchant to arrange different aspects of the freight shipping process, such as mode of transportation, freight rate negotiation, shipment tracking, and more.

Further reading on freight forwarding

for merchants unsure of how to begin freight shipping, freight forwarders provide an easy way to arrange for freight and secure a decent price.

In addition to the standard services listed above, freight forwarders may also help their clients get cargo insurance, achieve customs compliance, advise on freight packing and labeling, and optimize their overall strategy for freight costs and speed.

Freight shipment
freight shipping is the transportation of large shipments of goods domestically or across the globe via air, land, or sea. Goods are loaded onto pallets or into large, sturdy containers and transported using one or more modes of transportation.

Further reading on freight shipment

ecommerce merchants will typically use freight to obtain raw materials, supplies, or finished inventory from their supplier or manufacturer.

Freight can be transported through a variety of different modes, including ocean, air, rail, and ground (including flatbed trucks, reefers, and , or a combination of any of the above. Any shipment that is larger than 30 inches by 30 inches by 30 inches, or that weighs over 150 pounds, is considered freight. Shipments under these dimensions would typically be more cost-effective to ship via parcel.

Incoterms
incoterms (short for international commercial terms) are standardized terms or shorthand abbreviations designed to prevent confusion in international business, transportation, and trade agreements. Examples include delivery duty paid (ddp), free on board (fob), and ex-works (exw).

Last-mile delivery
last-mile delivery is a logistics term used to describe the transportation of a package from a fulfillment center to the packages final destination.

Further reading on last-mile delivery

the goal of last-mile delivery is to deliver a package to its final destination as quickly and cost-effectively as possible. Most last-mile carriers have a fleet of vehicles that actually deliver the product(s) to the customer.

An example of a last-mile carrier is amazon, which has increased its last-mile delivery network to reduce delivery speed and, in turn, increase customer satisfaction. With 2-day delivery as the expectation for ecommerce businesses today, efficient last-mile delivery and quality last-mile carrier partnerships are absolutely critical for merchants.

Net weight
net weight is a products weight without factoring in packaging.

Further reason on net weight

net weight is crucial to understand when shipping products  especially when shipping freight or shipping internationally. Weight plays a critical role in a carriers pricing, and different carriers may rely on different measurement methods (including net weight, gross weight, and tare weight) to calculate how much it costs to ship a package.

Order fulfillment
order fulfillment refers to the complete process of getting an order to a customer, from the moment a sale takes place all the way to the moment that order is placed on the customers doorstep.

Further reading on order fulfillment

the order fulfillment process begins when a business confirms a customers order and processes it, sending it to a warehouse or fulfillment center. From there, warehouse workers pick the items in the order, pack them in a box or poly mailer, and ship them out through a last-mile carrier to the end customer.

Because order fulfillment involves so many complicated logistics processes, merchants usually benefit from outsourcing to a third party that takes over receiving, processing, packing, picking, and shipping online orders to customers.

Packing slip
a packing slip is a document that includes the complete list of items included in a package, and include sku numbers, weights, dimensions, and the number of units in the order.

Further reading on packing slips

shipping departments use packing slips to determine what inventory must be included in each order and shipment, so that they can accurately fulfill and ship each order. When a buyer receives a package, they should always check the received items against the packing slip to ensure all the ordered items arrived.

Self-fulfillment/in-house fulfillment
self-fulfillment refers to when an ecommerce business chooses to store inventory in their own facility (such as a personal garage or rented warehouse space) and pick, pack, and ship orders themselves.

Further reading on self-fulfillment and in-house fulfillment

self-fulfillment is feasible when a merchant is starting out in ecommerce and will fulfill orders from home, or when an ecommerce business is so big that it can invest in their own world-class warehouse and fulfillment operation.

However, if your ecommerce business is between these stages, you may need to outsource fulfillment operations to maintain quality and free up time to attend to other, more important functions.

Shipping carrier
a shipping carrier is a company thats responsible for getting packages from point a (the shipper) to point b (the end customers).

Further reading on shipping carriers

common carriers that cover the us and international regions include usps, ups, fedex, and dhl, among others. Depending on your shipping requirements, need for speed, and budget, you should perform a cost-benefit analysis for each carrier to determine the best shipping carrier partnerships for your business.

Shipper owned containers
a shipper-owned container (soc) is a freight shipping container owned by an independent individual or business.

Further reading on shipper owned carriers

while carrier-owned containers (cocs) are the property of a carrier and are rented out to the carriers consignees, socs are the property of the shipper (usually a merchant or retailer), who then pays the carrier to ship the cargo container for them by purchasing a slot on their truck or ship.

Shipper-owned containers allow shippers a certain degree of freedom and control, and enable them to bypass high container rental fees in times of supply chain crises. However, a business should seriously consider how much freight it is shipping to what locations before purchasing a container, as it is not always worth it.

Shipping zones
shipping zones are geographical areas that carriers ship to, spanning from zone 1 to zone 8. Zone 1 is the closest area to the fulfillment center from which the order is shipped, while zone 8 is the furthest.

Further reading on shipping zones

shipping zones are important because they affect both shipping times and shipping costs. Transit times and shipping prices increase as the zone number increases, meaning that it is both quicker and cheaper to ship a package to a destination in zone 2 than it would be to ship that same package to a destination in zone 6.

Distributing inventory across various fulfillment centers located at different strategic locations all over the us can help prevent a merchant from having to ship to the most expensive shipping zones, and reduce transit times and costs.

Split shipment
a split shipment refers to when a single order containing multiple products is sent in separate shipments. This means the customer receives more than one package, even though they ordered everything together.

Further reading on split shipments

split shipments are often used as a partial solution to backorders. Rather than forcing a customer to wait until all of their ordered items are back in stock, a business can split the shipment and send any items that are in stock in one shipment, and send another shipment containing the backordered items later on.

While this can sometimes improve customer satisfaction, it can also be expensive if employed continuously. Merchants should seek to minimize splitting shipments wherever possible to save on shipping costs and lessen their environmental impact.

White-glove delivery
white glove delivery refers to delivery service that goes above and beyond typical expectations, often by including unpackaging and placement services.

For example, a white-glove delivery service for a furniture store might not only deliver the furniture to the customers doorstep, but also involve the workers making the delivery moving the furniture into the customers home, unwrapping it from any packaging, and arranging it in the space.

White-label shipping
white label shipping is a form of shipping in which there is no branding or labeling on packages or shipments to identify the supplier from which the goods originated.

The intent behind white-label shipping is to make your packages and goods appear as though they came from a merchants business, as opposed to the merchants supplier or manufacturer.